Pro-calcitonin (PCT) [Serum]

. The ESR test measures the rate at which red blood cells settle at the bottom of a test tube over a specified period.
. It helps detect inflammation in the body and is commonly used to monitor conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of cancer. While it is a nonspecific test, elevated ESR levels can indicate the presence of inflammation or disease activity.

Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is a type of protein that sometimes mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body. RF is not always present in the blood. The presence of symptoms and elevated RF levels in the blood help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis. This condition can damage your joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness. It is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that has the potential to destroy joints, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness, and may also affect other organs in the body.

. Beta-crosslaps is the carboxy-terminal telopeptide (CTX) fragment of type I collagen that is released into the bloodstream during the process of bone resorption by the osteoclasts.
. Elevated levels of Beta-crosslaps are associated with increased bone resorption, which can be seen in osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and other bone metabolic disorders.
. The test is particularly useful for monitoring treatment response in patients undergoing therapy.

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme which plays an important role in making your body’s energy. It is found in almost all the body’s tissue, including those in the blood, heart, kidneys, brain, and lungs. When these tissues are damaged, they release LDH into the bloodstream or other body fluids. If your LDH blood or fluid levels are high, it may mean certain tissues in your body have been damaged by disease or injury.

Lactate, also known as lactic acid, is a substance produced during glucose metabolism when the body is deprived of oxygen. Under normal conditions, the concentration of lactate in the blood is very low. However, when the body lacks oxygen (due to causes such as shock, heart failure, severe infection, etc.), the lactate concentration will increase. The lactate test measures the concentration of lactate in the blood. This test is important for assessing the extent of oxygen deficiency in tissues and organs, and diagnosing and monitoring medical conditions that cause elevated blood lactate levels, such as: septic shock, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, poisoning, certain genetic disorders, etc.