Ziehl-Neelsen stain for Acid-fast Bacteria (AFB)

The Brucellosis IgG, IgM test is performed to detect the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies in the blood against Brucella bacteria, the causative agent of brucellosis (also known as undulant fever or Malta fever). This test helps determine whether a patient has a Brucella infection and can differentiate between acute and chronic infections

. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
. The disease can affect all parts of the body, with pulmonary tuberculosis being the most common form (accounting for 80–85% of total cases) and serving as the primary source of transmission to others.
. Direct sputum smear for AFB: all people with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms must have their sputum tested.
. To facilitate the patient’s diagnosis on the day of the medical examination, testing 2 sputum samples on-site should be applied, instead of testing 3 sputum samples as before. The patient should be carefully instructed on how to collect the sputum sample correctly, the time of sample 1 and sample 2 must be at least 2 hours apart.
Source: Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tuberculosis No. 1314/QD-BYT 2020.

. Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of sexually transmitted venereal infection in the world.
. Chlamydia trachomatis can cause serious complications in women: cervicitis, urethritis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and increased incidence of ectopic pregnancy and infertility.
. Vertical transmission to neonates during parturition can result in inclusion conjunctivitis or pneumonia. Pregnant woman should test for chlamydia trachomatis at her first prenatal visit.
. Chlamydia trachomatis can cause serious complications in men: urethritis and epididymitis.
. A positive result of Chlamydia trachomatis IgG indicates past, current, or chronic infection, while positive IgM antibodies suggest a recent infection.

. Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria commonly cause mild respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and pharyngitis. Sometimes, these bacteria may cause more serious lung infections, like pneumonia, requiring hospital care.
. Detection of specific IgM antibodies is an evidence of a current or recent infection, while specific IgG is an evidence of past infection.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that causes serious health problems without treatment and is transmissible from a mother to her unborn baby. Infection develops in stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary), with each stage having different signs and symptoms. This test detects the antibodies produced during syphilis infection.