HbA1c

. The Gestational Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is used to screen for and diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a condition where blood sugar levels rise during pregnancy.
. It helps identify glucose intolerance early, allowing for timely management to prevent complications such as macrosomia (large baby), preeclampsia, preterm birth, and neonatal hypoglycemia.
. Proper diagnosis ensures appropriate dietary and lifestyle modifications or insulin therapy if needed. The test also helps reduce the long-term risk of type 2 diabetes for the mother and supports fetal well-being by preventing excessive growth and delivery complications.
. Typically performed between 24–28 weeks of pregnancy, the test follows the one-step (75g glucose, 2-hour test) approach.

This test is typically performed after an oral glucose load (75g of glucose in 300ml water). A high glucose level after 2 hours is used to diagnose and monitor impaired glucose regulation or diabetes.

The homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) test is a tool used to estimate Insulin resistance from fasting blood Glucose and Insulin concentrations. Insulin resistance is the condition where the body’s cells become less responsive to the effects of Insulin.

. Insulin is a hormone secreted from the pancrease, that helps regulating blood glucose levels.
. Insulin test is used to evaluate various conditions, including insulin resistance, diabetes, hypoglycemia, and pancreatic function. It helps diagnose and monitor conditions like Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and insulinoma. The test can also assess insulin resistance in PCOS and monitor the effectiveness of treatments for diabetes.

A ketone test measures the amount of ketones in your blood or urine. Ketones are acids produced when your body breaks down fat for energy.