DHEA-S

. Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that helps regulate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels in the blood.
. It is used to diagnose parathyroid disorders such as hyperparathyroidism (primary, secondary, or tertiary), hypoparathyroidism, and related calcium imbalances.
. iPTH testing also helps monitor bone health, assess chronic kidney disease-related bone disorders, and evaluate unexplained hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia. Additionally, it is used after parathyroid surgery to confirm success and detect recurrence.
. iPTH results are interpreted alongside calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D levels for a comprehensive evaluation.

ACTH is a pituitary gland hormone that controls cortisol production. Cortisol, an adrenal gland hormone helps you respond to stress, fight infection, and regulate blood sugar and blood pressure. The test is often done with a cortisol test to diagnose pituitary or adrenal gland disorders.

. The Free Testosterone Index (FTI) is a calculated value that helps assess the amount of free (bioactive) testosterone in the body, which is not bound to proteins like Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) or albumin, and is essential for functions like libido, muscle mass, and bone density.
. FTI is particularly useful in cases where SHBG levels are abnormal (e.g., in liver disease, obesity, or thyroid disorders), as these variations can significantly affect the interpretation of total testosterone levels that may not accurately reflect the bioactive hormone levels.
. It is used to evaluate conditions related to testosterone imbalance, such as hypogonadism, androgen excess (e.g., PCOS), and infertility.

A proinsulin test measures the amount of proinsulin in your blood. Proinsulin is a building block of insulin, which helps your body turn food into energy. 

. Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein primarily produced by the liver that binds to sex hormones, such as testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol, in the blood.
. SHBG regulates the amount of free (active) testosterone and other sex hormones available for the body to use.
. It is used to evaluate conditions related to abnormal hormone levels, such as infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), hirsutism, and androgen deficiency in men.
. The test is often combined with total testosterone to calculate free testosterone index (FTI) for a comprehensive hormone evaluation.