Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) [Serum] + Syphilis

This test is used to detect nicotine exposure by measuring nicotine and its primary metabolite, cotinine, in biological samples. Nicotine itself has a short half-life of approximately 1–2 hours, making it detectable only for a brief period after exposure. Cotinine, however, has a much longer half-life of approximately 16–20 hours, allowing detection for up to 7 days (depending on the degree of smoking), after nicotine use. For this reason, cotinine is the preferred biomarker to distinguish active smokers from non-smokers, assess recent tobacco use, and evaluate exposure to secondhand (passive) smoke.
Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, and other nicotine-containing products. During smoking, tobacco combustion produces thousands of chemical compounds, including nicotine, many of which are toxic. Nicotine is rapidly absorbed through the lungs and mucous membranes and reaches the brain within 10–20 seconds, where it stimulates the central nervous system and contributes to dependence and other effects.

This test is used to detect nicotine exposure by measuring nicotine and its primary metabolite, cotinine, in biological samples. Nicotine itself has a short half-life of approximately 1–2 hours, making it detectable only for a brief period after exposure. Cotinine, however, has a much longer half-life of approximately 16–20 hours, allowing detection for up to 7 days (depending on the degree of smoking), after nicotine use. For this reason, cotinine is the preferred biomarker to distinguish active smokers from non-smokers, assess recent tobacco use, and evaluate exposure to secondhand (passive) smoke.
Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, and other nicotine-containing products. During smoking, tobacco combustion produces thousands of chemical compounds, including nicotine, many of which are toxic. Nicotine is rapidly absorbed through the lungs and mucous membranes and reaches the brain within 10–20 seconds, where it stimulates the central nervous system and contributes to dependence and other effects.

A blood toxicity screening, also known as a toxicology screen or tox screen, measures the amount of drugs or chemicals in a person’s blood. It can help detect legal and illegal drugs, prescription and nonprescription medicines, vitamins, supplements, and alcohol.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that causes serious health problems without treatment and is transmissible from a mother to her unborn baby. Infection develops in stages (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary), with each stage having different signs and symptoms. This test detects the antibodies produced during syphilis infection.

Aldolase is an enzyme that helps convert glucose into energy. It is found throughout the body, but is primarily found in muscle tissue, making it a useful indicator of organ damage. Increased aldolase may be seen in: Muscular dystrophy, acute hepatitis, muscle disease, polymyositis, myocardial infarction, malignant tumors, etc. Decreased aldolase may be seen in: Tay-Sachs disease, fructose intolerance, etc.