JEV RNA **

The Bartonella henselae IgG serological test is used to detect the presence of IgG antibodies against the Bartonella henselae bacteria. This bacteria is the cause of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD).

The Bartonella henselae IgM serological test is used to detect the presence of IgM antibodies against the Bartonella henselae bacteria. This bacteria is the cause of Cat Scratch Disease (CSD).

. The anti-SLA/LP (Soluble Liver Antigen/Liver–Pancreas) test is a blood test used to help diagnose autoimmune hepatitis, a condition in which the immune system attacks the liver.
. This antibody is highly specific for autoimmune hepatitis and is particularly useful when other routine autoimmune markers are negative. A positive result strongly supports the diagnosis and can help doctors confirm the cause of ongoing liver inflammation and guide appropriate treatment and follow-up.

This test is used to detect nicotine exposure by measuring nicotine and its primary metabolite, cotinine, in biological samples. Nicotine itself has a short half-life of approximately 1–2 hours, making it detectable only for a brief period after exposure. Cotinine, however, has a much longer half-life of approximately 16–20 hours, allowing detection for up to 7 days (depending on the degree of smoking), after nicotine use. For this reason, cotinine is the preferred biomarker to distinguish active smokers from non-smokers, assess recent tobacco use, and evaluate exposure to secondhand (passive) smoke.
Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, and other nicotine-containing products. During smoking, tobacco combustion produces thousands of chemical compounds, including nicotine, many of which are toxic. Nicotine is rapidly absorbed through the lungs and mucous membranes and reaches the brain within 10–20 seconds, where it stimulates the central nervous system and contributes to dependence and other effects.

This test is used to detect nicotine exposure by measuring nicotine and its primary metabolite, cotinine, in biological samples. Nicotine itself has a short half-life of approximately 1–2 hours, making it detectable only for a brief period after exposure. Cotinine, however, has a much longer half-life of approximately 16–20 hours, allowing detection for up to 7 days (depending on the degree of smoking), after nicotine use. For this reason, cotinine is the preferred biomarker to distinguish active smokers from non-smokers, assess recent tobacco use, and evaluate exposure to secondhand (passive) smoke.
Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, and other nicotine-containing products. During smoking, tobacco combustion produces thousands of chemical compounds, including nicotine, many of which are toxic. Nicotine is rapidly absorbed through the lungs and mucous membranes and reaches the brain within 10–20 seconds, where it stimulates the central nervous system and contributes to dependence and other effects.