Cyfra 21-1

The CA 19-9 test is a blood test used to monitor pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers. CA 19-9 is a type of protein produced by cancer cells. This test is often used to monitor the progression of cancer after treatment or to detect early recurrence. High levels of CA 19-9 may be a sign of pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, or other gastrointestinal diseases. However, this test is not used to diagnose cancer because CA 19-9 levels can also be elevated in some other benign conditions.

. Total PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) is a protein produced by the prostate gland.
. It can aid in identifying individuals at risk of prostate cancer, especially in those with symptoms or those undergoing routine screening (e.g., men over 50), when used alongside other tests eg., digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate biopsy, and imaging e.g., ultrasound and MRI). It may also be elevated in benign conditions like BPH or prostatitis.
. Free PSA refers to the unbound form of PSA in the bloodstream, and its levels can also be measured in conjunction with total PSA to help evaluate the likelihood of prostate cancer.
. The free PSA/total PSA ratio is particularly useful in the diagnostic workup of prostate cancer, especially in men with total PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/mL, where the risk of cancer is uncertain. A lower ratio may suggest a higher risk of prostate cancer, whereas a higher ratio is more suggestive of benign prostatic conditions like BPH.
. In cancers, this tumor marker is used as an aid in monitoring the recurrence/progression and in assessing the response to therapy.
Note: Total and Free PSA levels can vary between different manufacturers due to differences in assay methods and reagent specificity. Results obtained from different manufacturers cannot be used interchangeably.

. CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen) is a protein primarily produced during fetal development and found at low levels in healthy adults.
. While CEA is not a standalone screening test for colorectal cancer, it can aid in identifying individuals at high risk or those with symptoms that might indicate colorectal or other cancers, when used alongside other tests and imaging e.g., ultrasound or CT scans. It may also be elevated in non-cancerous conditions such as smoking, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and infections, as well as in some other cancers like lung, breast, or pancreatic cancer.
. In cancers, this tumor marker is used as an aid in monitoring the recurrence/progression and in assessing the response to therapy.
Note: CEA levels can vary between different manufacturers due to differences in assay methods and reagent specificity. Results obtained from different manufacturers cannot be used interchangeably.

Detect 17 genes related to 15 inherited cancers including: BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, PTEN, TP53, CDH1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM, APC, MUTYH, STK11, VHL, RB1, RET.

. Total PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) is a protein produced by the prostate gland.
. It can aid in identifying individuals at risk of prostate cancer, especially in those with symptoms or those undergoing routine screening (e.g., men over 50), when used alongside other tests eg., digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate biopsy, and imaging e.g., ultrasound and MRI). It may also be elevated in benign conditions like BPH or prostatitis.
. Free PSA refers to the unbound form of PSA in the bloodstream, and its levels can also be measured in conjunction with total PSA to help evaluate the likelihood of prostate cancer.
. The free PSA/total PSA ratio is particularly useful in the diagnostic workup of prostate cancer, especially in men with total PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/mL, where the risk of cancer is uncertain. A lower ratio may suggest a higher risk of prostate cancer, whereas a higher ratio is more suggestive of benign prostatic conditions like BPH.
. In cancers, this tumor marker is used as an aid in monitoring the recurrence/progression and in assessing the response to therapy.
Note: Total and Free PSA levels can vary between different manufacturers due to differences in assay methods and reagent specificity. Results obtained from different manufacturers cannot be used interchangeably.