Benzodiazepines (qualitative) **

Morphine is a substance that has analgesic properties but also causes sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression, and orthostatic hypotension. Chronic use can lead to tolerance and dependence. Clinical monitoring of compliance or illegal use measures these analytes.

Groups strongly recommended Thalassemia genetic screening:
– Pregnant women who need prenatal screening.
– Individuals with microcytic anemia or iron deficiency anemia in their blood test results.
– Genetic screening test for parents preparing for IVF.
– Children with poor health, pale skin, jaundice, underweight, or enlarged spleen.
– Couples planning to get married need premarital Thalassemia screening to ensure proper family planning.
– Individuals with a family history of anemia. 

. Pepsinogens are inactive precursors of pepsin, proteolytic enzymes present in gastric juice, and are immunologically classified into pepsinogen I (PG I) and pepsinogen II (PG II).
. Pepsinogen I: Secreted by the chief cells and mucous neck cells in the fundus and corpus of the stomach. Low levels of Pepsinogen I may indicate atrophic gastritis, particularly in the corpus of the stomach.
. Pepsinogen II: Secreted by the cells throughout the stomach and proximal duodenum. Elevated levels may suggest gastric inflammation or more extensive gastric mucosal damage.
. Pepsinogen I/II Ratio: This ratio is a marker for atrophic gastritis. A low Pepsinogen I/II ratio (<3) may indicate atrophic gastritis or gastric mucosal atrophy. A high ratio is typically seen in normal gastric function. . This test is valuable in screening for precancerous gastric conditions, monitoring patients at risk of gastric cancer, and differentiating between types of gastritis.

Microbiome testing and risk of intestinal disease.